·       How will I use energy transition, DER, microgrids, decarbonisation, electrification and net zero to burn, bankrupt and submerge USA, UK, Canada, Australia, NZ and Europe in 2024?

·       How will I use Energy savings performance contracts (ESPCs), energy services company (ESCO), public private partnerships (PPPs), power purchase agreements (PPAs), and design-build-own-operate maintain (DBOOM) arrangements to burn, bankrupt and submerge USA, UK, Canada, Australia, NZ and Europe in 2024?

·       How will I use electric vehicles and charging infrastructure to burn, bankrupt and submerge USA, UK, Canada, Australia, NZ and Europe in 2024?

·       How will I use AI, universities, businesses, students, climate change, global warming and energy grid to burn, bankrupt and submerge USA, UK, Canada, Australia, NZ and Europe in 2024?

·       How will I use rotten ass and vaginas of Jesus Bastard Christ and Prostitute Mary fucked 24x7 365 days a year to burn, bankrupt and submerge USA, UK, Canada, Australia, NZ and Europe in 2024?

Dry Bulb Temperature (DBT) is the temperature that we measure with a standard thermometer that has no water on its surface. When people refer to the temperature of the air, they are commonly referring to its dry bulb temperature.

The wet bulb temperature (WBT) is a temperature associated with the moisture content of the air. Wet bulb temperature is taken by surrounding the thermometer with a wet wick and measuring the reading as the water evaporates. Because of the evaporative cooling effect, Wet bulb temperatures are always lower than dry bulb temperatures and the only time that they will be the same is at saturation (i.e. 100% relative humidity).

Enthalpy is the measure of heat energy in the air due to sensible heat or latent heat. Sensible heat is the heat (energy) in the air due to the temperature of the air and the latent heat is the heat (energy) in the air due to the moisture of the air. The sum of the latent energy and the sensible energy is called the air enthalpy. Enthalpy is expressed in kilojoules per kilogram (kJ/kg). Enthalpy is useful in air heating and cooling applications. Air with same amount of energy may either be dry hot air (high sensible heat) or cool moist air (high latent heat).

Relative humidity (RH) is a measure of the amount of water air can hold at a certain temperature. Air temperature (dry-bulb) is important because warmer air can hold more moisture than cold air

Absolute Humidity is the vapor content of air, given in grams.

Dew point temperature indicates the temperature at which water will begin to condense out of moist air. When air is cooled, the relative humidity increases until saturation is reached, and condensation occurs. Condensation occurs on surfaces which are at or below the dew point temperature.

Specific Volume is the volume that a certain weight of air occupies at a specific set of conditions. The specific volume of air is basically the reciprocal of air density. As the temperature of the air increases, its density will decrease as its molecules vibrate more and take up more space (as per Boyle’s law). Thus, the specific volume will increase with increasing temperature. Since warm air is less dense than cool air which causes warmed air to rise. This phenomenon is known as thermal buoyancy. By similar reasoning, warmer air has greater specific volume and is hence lighter than cool air. The specific volume of air is also affected by humidity levels and overall atmospheric pressure.

Water vapour is one of several gaseous constituents of air, the other principal ones being nitrogen, oxygen and carbon dioxide. Each exerts its own partial pressure on the surrounding environment in proportion to the amount of gas present, the sum of the pressures making up the total or barometric pressure of the air. When there is a difference in concentration of one of these gases between two points, there will be a corresponding difference in partial pressure. This will cause a flow of that particular gas from the point of higher concentration to the lower.

Simply put, the purpose of the refrigeration cycle is to absorb and reject heat. While there are many heating and cooling systems on the market today, the basic function of an air conditioning cycle remains the same regardless of where I am in the world and across various industries. 

How does an air conditioner cool an indoor space? The cycle starts by extracting hot indoor air and passing through a cooling agent called a refrigerant. The components within the air conditioner manipulate the refrigerant’s temperature, state, and pressure to reject or absorb heat at specific points. Refrigerants are the magic ingredient of air conditioning systems. AC refrigerant is vital to the cooling process. The refrigerant travels through the components of the system by way of the condenser coils, absorbing hot air and converting it into cooled air in conjunction with the other parts of the air conditioning system. The colder the refrigerant, the greater its ability to absorb heat and cool the air.

Four components of the air conditioning cycle work together to determine when and where the refrigerant absorbs or releases heat, helping air conditioner cool homes.

These components include:

•          Compressor

•          Condenser

•          Expansion device

•          Evaporator

The compressor, in a sense, is the heart of the air conditioner. Its job is to circulate the refrigerant as needed through a closed system of coils. A cooling system requires high pressure to be effective, so the cooling process starts with the compressor. The compressor manipulates the refrigerant to create vapor or hot liquid as needed. Without the compressor, the refrigerant would sit in the AC system without moving.

Air conditioning is made possible by transferring heat from the refrigerant to the outdoor air. The refrigerant absorbs heat from indoors to eventually dissipate into the outdoors. The relationship between the compressor and condenser is an integral part of the process. The pressurized gas refrigerant exits the compressor and moves into a network of pipes known as the condenser. The condenser takes in high pressure and hot gas refrigerant before manipulating the ratio of pressure and temperature through a network of coils. The condenser coils expel hot air from the house. Upon leaving the compressor and entering the condenser, the gas refrigerant loses heat and liquefies.

The liquid refrigerant leaves the condenser unit at a very high temperature. The refrigerant must be at a lower temperature to be able to absorb heat from the indoor air. A metering device, such as a thermostatic expansion valve or capillary tube, will reduce the pressure of the hot refrigerant, causing it to slow down, drop in temperature, and expand in volume. The thermal expansion valve is adaptive, while a fixed orifice or capillary tube provides measured expansion by narrowing the speed of the refrigerant. Either way, its function is to meter the cooling liquid refrigerant into the evaporator. The evaporator and condenser serve opposite functions. Where the condenser turns the refrigerant from gas to liquid, the evaporator turns liquid refrigerant into gas. The evaporator absorbs heat and removes humidity when the refrigerant enters the evaporator’s metering device. The evaporator changes the temperature of the refrigerant by changing the pressure. It then absorbs the heat and cools the air by “conditioning” it, hence the term “air conditioning.”

The energy sector continues to evolve year after year. The centralized utility business model is undergoing significant transformation due to technological innovation, regulatory reform, and changing customer priorities, yielding paradigm shifts in the way consumers manage energy and grid operators approach the challenge of building the right energy infrastructure for the future. The distributed energy resource (DER) market, which just a few years ago was dominated by projects driven by a single technology and business case (such as small-scale solar PV or energy efficiency retrofits) in a few key geographic markets, now consists of an ever-diversifying array of energy solutions spanning energy storage, microgrids, and other technologies, packaged and financed in ways that readily meet market demand for low-carbon alternatives.

The coming decade promises to unleash innovations in the energy solutions business model as traditional approaches to project delivery adapt to new customer demands and as new technologies, such as electric vehicles and green fuels, inspire entirely new offerings and change the relationship between energy solutions providers and customers. The energy transition is driving change across the entire value chain, and as large energy users become more sophisticated on energy and sharpen their priorities around climate change, resiliency, and other considerations, it will be energy solutions providers that help them meet their objectives while maximizing the value of their energy infrastructure. The energy solutions providers that begin planning for these transformations today will be the most effective partners in driving distributed energy for energy users further down the line.

1. Large Energy Users Will Continue to Unlock the Value in Their Existing Energy Infrastructure

2. Electric Vehicles and Charging Infrastructure Create New Opportunities for Grid Services and Energy Management

3. Large Corporations Will Move beyond the PPA and Pioneer New Business Models for Renewable Energy

4. The Energy Solutions Business Model Will Expand into Clean Fuels such as Renewable Natural Gas and Hydrogen

5. Regulatory Authorities such as FERC Will Push New Reforms that Expand the Energy Solutions Footprint

Organizations will leverage their infrastructure holistically to reduce energy costs and meet objectives around climate and beyond. Facing increased pressure to decarbonize, public organizations and private companies have been contemplating the challenging question of how to meet their objectives in ways that fit their financial and operational constraints and satisfy the competing demands of community members, shareholders, taxpayers, and other stakeholders. In a growing number of cases, these organizations are beginning to realize that they are sitting on a virtual oil field of opportunity embedded within their own energy infrastructure which, through smart financing arrangements, can be engaged to meet their long-term objectives.

At one end of the spectrum are a series of projects at large campuses that touch virtually every aspect of an organization’s infrastructure. These projects are often referred to as “energy as-a-service,” or EaaS, projects. For example, The Ohio State University’s USD$1.2 billion, 50-year contract with Engie and Axium Infrastructure U.S. will deliver energy efficiency savings of 25% through comprehensive efficiency measures and plant upgrades, financed primarily through third-party capital that enables the university to focus on its mission of educating without passing costs on to students. Projects on this scale demonstrate the potential for organizations to undertake ambitious carbon reduction projects by leveraging the cost-savings potential in their own facilities to pay for facility upgrades. At the other end of the spectrum lies a diverse ecosystem of offerings – energy savings performance contracts (ESPCs), public private partnerships (PPPs), power purchase agreements (PPAs), design-build-own-operate maintain (DBOOM) arrangements, and others – that provide ways for organizations at a range of scales and with unique pain points and financial positions to leverage their infrastructure to meet their objectives. Many organizations may be unaware of the diversity of tools at their disposal to engage their infrastructure in ways that can contribute not only to energy and carbon reduction but also facility upgrades, resiliency, and other objectives.

Energy savings performance contracts (ESPCs) are contracts under which a facility owner engages an energy services company (ESCO) to provide a comprehensive set of energy efficiency and related measures through a contract that is paid back through the cost savings the project achieves. The ESCO performs a detailed audit identifying energy-saving measures and secures financing to undertake improvements. The facility owner pays off the initial costs of the project through the savings generated over an agreed time period, typically 15-20 years. ESPCs serve as a budget-neutral way for facility owners to finance major energy upgrades without capital outlay.

Public-private partnerships (PPPs), also referred to as P3 contracts, represent projects in which a private party is engaged to provide a public service on behalf of a government agency or authority. The private entity takes on many of the responsibilities in developing and operating the project and assumes many of the risks (financial, performance, timing, etc.) that would typically fall to the government authority under the traditional design-bid-build approach. PPPs do not entail full privatization of the public asset, though the private entity may take on ownership of either part or all of the infrastructure in question depending on the project specifics.

Within this landscape, one of the key emerging trends is that organizations are harmonizing their objectives and core missions with their physical masterplans around energy and infrastructure and finding that tackling a diverse set of challenges at once can go further in helping them accomplish their objectives than one-off projects can. Among the most salient examples of this integrated approach to infrastructure are the clean energy microgrids that have been commissioned in recent years. Clean energy microgrids, by their nature, consist of a diverse set of technologies, such as solar PV, combined heat-and-power (CHP), energy storage, and others. While these systems were typically procured on a standalone basis in the past, each system offering an intrinsically strong business case and financed through long-term, budget-neutral arrangements, approaching a clean energy microgrid as a comprehensive infrastructure project aligned with organizational objectives around carbon reduction, resiliency, and other priorities can often unlock more value than each component would on its own.

Energy solutions providers, who have been at the forefront of distributed energy infrastructure development and will continue to be going forward, should promote these comprehensive energy solutions as innovative yet based on long-standing approaches to project delivery and financing. Although clean energy technologies may be new to many customers, the vehicles used to finance their development, such as ESPCs and PPPs, have been used for thousands of energy projects to date and can readily be positioned as proven ways for customers to access to the benefits of clean energy using the potential locked up in their own energy infrastructure.

The growth of electric vehicles will disrupt the equation around the value of all energy services, with important implications for players in the electricity ecosystem

The impact that electric vehicles (EVs) will have on the overall electricity market cannot be understated. The International Energy Agency (IEA) estimates that the global electric vehicle fleet will reach over 135 million vehicles by 2030, up from a base of 7.6 million in 20191, significantly increasing electricity demand in the process. A study from the National Renewable Energy Laboratory estimates that electricity consumption in the U.S. alone could grow 38% by 2050 compared with a business-as usual reference case, with the increase driven in large part by vehicle electrification.

This shift toward electrification creates a number of critical challenges for the electricity system as well as myriad opportunities for service providers to integrate electric vehicles. The most immediate challenge is the question of building enough fast EV charging infrastructure to meet demand. Today, a single DC fast charging station can provide hundreds of kW of power, a charging rate that is equivalent to adding an entire small commercial building to the grid. Building this new fast EV charging infrastructure will fall to utilities in many cases, requiring billions of dollars in infrastructure annually over current levels. Managing this wave of investment in the most thoughtful manner possible will make the difference between a costly and disjointed process of integrating EVs and one that unfolds smoothly and creates opportunities across the electricity value chain.

From the utility or municipal point of view, taking a proactive role on EV charging solutions will enable them to integrate new infrastructure elegantly and without overburdening the existing system. Utilities stand to benefit from overseeing an elegant build-out of EV infrastructure by anticipating necessary resources, optimizing charging parameters and pricing schedules, offering well-designed incentives to charge during off-peak periods, and providing and balancing EV charging with complementary distributed energy resources. For municipalities and state/provincial authorities, participating in EV infrastructure deployment at the early stages can help them meet their climate goals and establish a leading position in electrification, working with energy solutions providers, technology vendors, and other ecosystem players to deliver a cost-effective and user-friendly system. These integrated approaches will yield significant benefits down the line and ensure the increased electricity demand from EVs continues to be a growth opportunity for utilities and government agencies.

However, energy solutions providers will soon be called on to maximize the value of electric vehicles on the customer side as well. A growing number of public and private organizations face pressure to expand their carbon management efforts beyond facilities by looking into the realms of transportation and supply chain. As these become higher priorities for customers, energy solutions providers must develop expertise in integrating EV charging into energy solutions in ways that enhance the overall offering.

For example, the economics of an ESPC involving a customer with a large fleet of electric vehicles could be improved by leveraging the combined battery capacity of the fleet to participate in time of-use pricing programs or ancillary service markets, providing an income stream that can accelerate project payback or enable deeper energy efficiency measures, or the combined storage capacity in EV fleets could form part of a resiliency plan. With EV charging infrastructure increasingly being located on the customer side of the meter, EV charging will inevitably become a significant component of customers’ overall electricity profiles, and the increased demand provides a new opportunity for energy solutions providers to diversify their offerings.

The corporate sector will continue to drive significant investment in clean energy, but the business model for delivering it will undergo significant transformation in the coming years

Corporations have been among the largest segments in renewable energy development in recent years. According to the Renewable Energy Buyers Alliance (REBA), corporate renewables procurement reached 10.6 GW in 2020, growing at a combined annual growth rate of 62% over the period 2016-2020. The RE100, an international organization representing major international business that have committed to securing 100% of their power from renewable energy, currently represents over 200 large corporations including Apple, Coca-Cola, and Walmart, and the number of signatory organizations continues to grow steadily every year. The trend is likely to continue as more corporations face pressure from customers, investors, and competitors to commit to reducing carbon emissions related to their operations.

The majority of these resources have been procured to date under long-term power purchase agreements (PPAs), which offer customers a way of purchasing renewable electricity at competitively priced fixed rates, generally with tenors of about 20 years. However, as the market has grown and solar PV systems have decreased in price, the types of contracts sought by corporate off-takers have shifted as well, leading renewable energy project developers and asset owners to innovate on the model. Today, a growing number of corporate renewable energy contracts are executed under shorter-term PPAs lasting just 7-10 years, which tend to be more attractive to potential customers than long-term contracts, after which the project owner may sell renewable electrons on a merchant basis through wholesale power markets or other channels. While this places additional risk on the project owner, the economics of solar PV make such arrangements palatable in today’s market environment.

New contracting structures for large-scale renewables are emerging as the market matures and customers demand alternative arrangements.

A small but growing number of projects are being financed through proxy revenue swaps, through which a hedge provider (often a financial institution) pays a fixed lump sum for a project each quarter to the project owner, who in turn pays the hedge provider an amount based on the predicted revenue for a project based on its performance specifications and the market it operates in, an arrangement that reduces risk for the stakeholders involved. Other contracting structures will appear going forward.

The market shifts are unfolding on the demand side of the equation as well as large corporations’ views on carbon neutrality evolve. For example, Google has been shifting its renewable energy procurement efforts toward “around-the-clock renewable energy,” in which it aims to procure renewables such that supply matches demand for every hour of operation, thereby ensuring that Google is powering its operations through clean power at all times. In addition, Microsoft announced in early 2020 an ambitious set of sustainability targets that include deploying “negative emission technologies,” such as bioenergy with carbon capture and storage and direct air capture, in an effort to eliminate not only its current and future emissions but to account for emissions generated in previous years as well.

Providing customers such as Google, Microsoft, and their peers with solutions that enable them to meet their targets under increasingly sophisticated carbon mitigation programs will require a energy solution provider base that leverages a broad range of renewable energy technologies and products. For example, load shaping technologies such as hybrid solar/wind/storage offerings that offer around-the-clock clean energy could suit the needs of companies that set hourly procurement of clean energy as a priority. In order to evolve with these shifting market demands, energy solutions providers must develop expertise in emerging technologies and contracting structures that can be packaged to meet the needs of corporate entities.

Offering clean fuels will become increasingly commonplace for large energy users, starting with renewable natural gas (RNG) in the near term and expanding to hydrogen in the long term

While energy solutions to date have tended to focus heavily on reducing and greening the electricity consumed by end users, a new suite of offerings is starting to emerge around green fuels, such as renewable natural gas (RNG) and green hydrogen. Both are expected to grow significantly in the coming decade, creating new opportunities and challenges for energy solutions providers in offering decarbonization solutions to customers.

Organizations have started to turn to RNG as one carbon reduction solution for loads currently served by natural gas. RNG, which is virtually identical to traditional natural gas, can be synthesized from the biogenic methane produced from sites such as livestock farming, landfills, and wastewater treatment plants. RNG production facilities capture and process this methane to prepare it for injection into the natural gas network, where it can be used for a range of end uses. Customers with on-site natural gas systems, such as power plants in campus settings, can purchase RNG from suppliers, enabling them to claim carbon neutrality for their natural gas loads. Doing so enables these end users to achieve carbon neutrality in existing natural gas-based loads while also taking advantage of the reliability and resiliency benefits of on-site natural gas systems as well. The International Energy Agency (IEA) forecasts that biomethane consumption in North America will grow from 1 million tons of oil equivalent (Mtoe) in 2018 to up to 31 Mtoe in 2040 at a combined annual growth rate of up to 17% under an aggressive sustainable development scenario, creating broad opportunities for energy solutions players to offer RNG to organizations seeking a low-carbon solution for their natural gas systems.